Introduction Resources and the natural environment are considered as the main property of rural people for their living and livelihoods, and most of their livelihood activities are directly related to the environment and environmental resources. In the meantime, wetlands are valuable ecosystems that have many functions in a variety of natural ecosystem and in addition to protecting biodiversity, they also have many other natural, economic and social values that can affect the livelihood of local people and ultimately their livelihoods. Therefore, this research aiming to study the effects of Zarivar wetland on the livelihoods of rural households living around it in the form of a sustainable livelihood approach. In fact, the research attempts to answer the main question: How did the wetland contribute to improving the rural population's assets? The provision of a sustainable livelihoods framework for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas as a new livelihood strategy in development theories was a key tools for achieving sustainable development in the 1990s. One of the most important and effective ways to advance development goals in rural areas is to identify household living conditions, access to livelihoods and factors affecting their livelihoods. Capital or assets are one of the most important components of a sustainable livelihood framework and livelihoods are supported by investing in the capabilities of sustainable livelihoods and the interaction between different livelihoods is crucial to creating a deeper understanding of sustainable livelihoods. Livelihoods of local people are often presented as a pentagon model that can be used to demonstrate schematic differences in their access to local capitals. There is a strong and complex connection between natural resources and rural livelihoods so that villagers in developed countries dependent to the availability of natural resources and access to it to support their livelihoods. Wetlands have had a fundamental role in development of economicsocial, regional and national in Iran. The goods and services that wetlands usually produce are directly or indirectly used by people. The livelihood system communicates with the wetland at multiple time and space scales, shaping and strengthening ecosystem services as well as livelihood that forms the basis of livelihood strategies. Wetland ecosystem services can be considered as forming part of the natural capita which might help other forms of livelihoods through structures and processes. Methods and Material The present study as an applied study is a descriptive-analytic in nature that from data collection point is both documentary and field study using questionnaire. The study area is Marivan Township which is located in Kurdistan province and the statistical population of the study was 7 villages around Zarivar wetland with a population of 6165 people and 1539 households. Because of the abundance of the population, 230 of them were chosen as sample group according to Cochran formula. The main research instrument for collecting necessary data and information from the field was a questionnaire designed to identify the indicators and variables explaining the livelihood assets of the sustainable livelihood framework (DFID, 1999). Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of relevant experts of extension and rural development and the reliability its various sections according to Cronbach's alpha coefficient gained acceptable at 0. 81-0. 87. Data analysis was performed using both SPSS20 and LISREL8. 8 software and also the Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Results and Discussion For the purpose of analyzing the effects of Zarivar wetland on people's sustainable livelihood, a second confirmation factor analysis (CFA) was applied in order to study the significance and fit of its impact measurement model. The model for measuring the effect of Zarivar wetland on the sustainable livelihoods of member households was evaluated in the form of five capital, namely natural capital (4 aspects), human capital(2 aspects), social capital(3 aspects), physical capital(2 aspects) and economic capital(3 aspects). Based on the results obtained from the fitted model in a meaningful state, if the value of t is greater than 2. 56 or less than-2. 56, factor loads at a confidence level of 99% and, if the value of t is greater than 1. 96 or less than-1. 96, the confidence level would be at 95%. Therefore, the zero assumption is based on the non-significance of the role of the indicator (variable) on the formation of the constituent (factor) of the rejection and the significance of the relations in the form of verifiable factor analysis is acceptable. For an acceptable validity, there must be a significant correlation between structure and dimension, and between dimension and indices. If the relation (standard coefficients) is higher than 0. 3, then it can be said that the indices have good explanation of power and this relationship is significant. Regarding the reported values of fitness indicators, the model for measuring the impact of Zarivar wetlands on the sustainable livelihoods of the marginal households has a suitable and appropriate fit. So, it can be concluded that the data of this research are fitted with the structure of the factor and theoretical basis of the research and this indicates that the markers (variables) are compatible with the factors (structures) in the model of the wetland's impact on the sustainable livelihoods of its marginal households. This result confirms the accuracy of the selected dimensions for assessing the impact of wetlands on the sustainable livelihood of the individuals surveyed and the significance and fit of the model for measuring the impact of the wetland on the sustainable livelihoods of the villagers in the form of five funds. The standardized path coefficients show the intensity of the relationship between the first order factors and the second order factor. Accordingly, according to the results of natural capital (λ = 0. 81), it is the strongest indicator. Conclusion One of the most important factors affecting the livelihood level of local people living around Zarivar wetland is the three economic sections including agriculture and livestock, tourism, and fisheries. From the respondents' viewpoint, the various functions of these three sections had the most impact on households' livelihoods and, consequently, their livelihoods in the study area. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the selective markers of the research had a significant effect on the level of five (natural, human, social, physical and financial) investments in the wetland households. Therefore, the present model structure is suitable for all dimensions of livelihoods and their indicators of measurement, and it shows a satisfactory agreement with the research theory foundation. Natural capital (λ = 0. 81) was the strongest indicator for measuring the sustainable livelihoods of rural households living in the study area. The results reveals that Zarivar wetlands have had a positive effect on the five livelihoods of their marginal households in their respective dimensions including land, water, natural resources, knowledge and skills, health and food security, participation, networks and social connections, infrastructure, production and income. And has improved them. Therefore, changing the direction of development plans and the priority of investments in these areas in order to create resources and opportunities for improving ecological status (more forest cover and reducing erosion, etc. ), economic (more agricultural and livestock productivity, tourism prosperity) and social (health improvement and training facilities and infrastructure) are necessary to achieve a sustainable livelihoods level.

Introduction Poverty is one of the most important challenges humankind face with it. Villagers are one of the poorest and most vulnerable groups in societies, especially in the third world. Accordingly, providing a livelihood in human societies is one of the biggest challenges of planning, particularly in rural communities, which are the focus of the poor people in developing countries. Livelihood consist of activities, assets, and access that are jointly determine individual or rural households living condition. According to the livelihood approach empowerment and the interference power of villager in their individual and society destiny and activities are link to sustainable livelihoods framework. These criteria affect the livelihood strategies of rural households and has significant role in subsistence and livelihood sustainability. By increasing the level of access to different types of assets dependent on the livelihood and control of them, the poor will be able to provide their basic needs and they can create alternative livelihood choices, These assets comprise a livelihood body. According to these issues, the present study examines the capital and assets of poor villager and seeks to spatial analyze of livelihood assets in the villages of Buin Zahra Township, and seeks to answer these questions: how is the spatial distribution of livelihood assets in the studied villages? What level are livelihood assets in the villages of buin Zahra Township? In addition, is there difference between villages of study area in livelihood assets? Which of the livelihood assets in the villages of the study is desirable? Methodology Methodology of this research is applied one and in the nature is descriptive-analytical. Data was collected by documentary study (Books, Articles and Reports) and field study (Questionnaire, Observation, and Interview). required data was collected by using a questionnaire form and interviewing with 532 people (the Cochran formula was used for sampling) of40 villages in Buin Zahra Township, To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (Mean, Frequency) and comparative statistics (Correlation Coefficient, One Sample T-test, ANOVA), and in order to evaluate and analyze the assets we use the Moran and Gi spatial statistics method and kriging. Validity of the questionnaire was examined by scholar and a pre-test and was approved after correction. In addition, the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by using the Cronbach’ s alpha test in the SPSS software, which was confirmed to be 0/88. In general, in order to measure the level of livelihood assets and their spatial distribution, from the perspective of the sample society, dimensions of livelihood assets were identified in six social, institutional, human, natural, physical, financial and 71 indicators. Discussion & findings Investigating the individual characteristics of respondents shows that the average age of individuals is 45. 97 years, among them 2 percent male and the rest are women. According to the level of education, 33. 1% of the respondents are illiterate, 16. 5% are elementary, 27. 3% are secondary, 23. 1% have an undergraduate degree and diploma degree. In terms of household size, the average size of household’ s members is 2. 61 and the maximum number of members is from the number of 7 to 5 members. The descriptive results of the study showed that the livelihood assets of the villagers were on the moderate and lower levels and according to the one sample t-test of villagers’ perspective, only social asset was evaluated at the desired level. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the variability of villages in terms of assets that the test results indicate that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of access to assets. According to Duncan, test results show that zein-abad rural district had the lowest livelihood assets. one-way variance analysis test was used To find the different assets average in the study villages,; the results showed that the social asset has better conditions in the studied villages and human asset is undesirable. Non-parametric analysis of the correlation between social, physical, human, financial, natural and institutional assets in the studied villages indicates a direct relationship between livelihood assets. The mapping data generated in relation to livelihood assets and indicate indicate that; in terms of livelihood assets, the central district of Buin Zahra township, the east west and north of the region, has a desirable condition and the south & southeast and the west has undesirable conditions. The map of hot spots are also confirms that. Hot spot located in the central district; and cold spots are located in the south-east & south-west (in the whole south of Buin Zahra Township) Conclusion This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of livelihoods in villages of Buin Zahra Township. According to the research results, the social assets of the villages are in a good condition; and the same asset can be used to improve other assets; because rural development programs can be better fulfill and implemented with cooperation and participation of villagers; and according to the kriging-based maps for south-eastern villages ( some villages of zahraye-paein rural district) and villages of zein-abad rural district, social asset promotion programs should be carried out through participation of people in decision-making and implementation of employment plans and village executive activities through rural municipality and village councils. according to the maps of the studied villages and the results of the analysis of one-way variance, human assets among other assets are in a undesirable condition and this is a major weakness in the region; especially in the eastern and southern regions of Buin Zahra township, that programs should be funded by relevant institutions, including the education and vocational education of the province in cooperation with the local management, So that people in agriculture and livestock will have sufficient education and skill, and by holding entrepreneurial education, they may teach people to be creative and innovative in the fields of farm and farm jobs, which are the dominant method of livelihood of villagers. Moreover, rural households are able to earn more money and has a sustainable livelihood and less vulnerable to risks.

In the present study, the status of access to livelihood assets among rural villagers in Marivan County, were measured and analyzed. The nature of this descriptive-analytical research is quantitative-qualitative and data gathering is based on survey method. In the quantity part, how to access livelihood assets and in the qualitative part, the existing strategies of the villagers in relation to access to assets, the results obtained from it and the causes and factors affecting this situation have been examined and identified. The statistical population in the quantitative part included the heads of rural households living in the county. Using Cochran's formula and stratified distribution method, 320 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the heads of households. These questionnaires included (human, financial, natural, physical and social) of living assets. In the qualitative part, there was a need for in-depth interviews with knowledgeable people who were purposefully identified by snowball method. Analysis of findings; in the quantitative part with one-sample t-test and in the qualitative part with the basic theory method, showed that the access level of villagers in Marivan county is not in a satisfactory state due to the inappropriately calculated average of 2.64 at a significant level of 0.05.  This inadequacy of access status is measured among the four types of livelihood assets; based on financial, human, social and physical assets.  There were only the natural assets, which were assessed as fragile and relatively accessible and to some extent satisfactory.

Rural tourism development is widely recognized as an effective strategy for improving the sustainable livelihoods of rural communities. This study examines the impact of rural tourism on five key livelihood assets—natural, social, human, institutional, and economic—and ranks selected villages based on their performance in these assets. The statistical population consisted of thirteen inhabited villages in the Shahrabad Rural District, comprising 1,268 households. From these, seven rural tourism destinations with a combined total of 971 households were selected. Using the corrected Cochran formula, a sample of 214 household heads was determined. A descriptive–analytical research design was adopted, integrating documentary and library research with field surveys conducted through a researcher-developed questionnaire. Village rankings were established using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign weights to the livelihood assets, followed by the VIKOR method to generate a composite ranking. Results show that Jalizjand ranked first, reflecting the most favorable overall status among livelihood assets influenced by tourism. However, despite the positive effects of tourism activities, most studied villages remain in an unfavorable position in terms of tourism-derived livelihood assets. The findings align with similar studies in other regions and highlight the need for effective management, as well as participatory and equitable policymaking, to optimize the utilization of rural tourism potential.

the current research was conducted to analyze and investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood in Gachsaran City. Analysis and investigation of the effect of the effective factors on the livelihood of the rural women in Gachsaran City. The statistical population of the research included 500 rural women randomly in Gachsaran City, of which 139 were selected and surveyed by simple random method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by the professors of the University of Tehran's promotion and development department and subject experts, and its reliability was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test during the distribution of 30 questionnaires in the pre-test stage. LISREL 8. 8 and SPSS 26 software were used to perform statistical tests. Also, to investigate the impact of livelihood assets on the sustainability of rural women's livelihood, it was done using the structural equation modeling method with the help of Lisrel 8. 8 software. The results showed that the independent variables studied (five capitals) were able to explain 60. 13 percent of the variance of the dependent variable, i. e. sustainable livelihood of rural women in Gachsaran City. Also, the goodness of fit indices showed that the structural model of the research has a good and acceptable fit. In addition, the human capital index (λ = 0. 61) was assigned the first importance and priority for measuring the sustainable livelihood of rural women. Based on this, among the solutions to improve the livelihood of rural women are: 1) Organizations and other planning and policy-making officials pay due attention to the activities of rural women and improve the field of improving their livelihood according to the existing conditions. 2) In order to help poor and vulnerable rural women and families, they can act by providing appropriate financial assistance, such as setting up rural micro-funds.

The main goal of this research was to investigate the effect of livelihood assets on farmers' participation in WUAs of Lorestan province. This is an applied research. The statistical population of this research was all farmers of WUAs members of Lorestan province (N = 1978) and sample size using Cochran formula 265 people were estimated. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Questions related to the participation of farmers in WUAs and to the Livelihoods assets of farmers based on the model of Department for International Development (DFID). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha the data processed by SPSS23 software by using multiple regression, correlation and one way ANOVA. The results showed that these livelihood assets can explained 70. 7 percent of the variance of the participatory variable. The most effective variable in predicting farmer participation rate was human capital. It was also revealed that farmers who have had less livelihoods assets, they also had a lower level of participation.

One of the main challenges of rural development during recent decades is the issue of people's livelihoods instability, which leads to undesirable socioeconomic impacts. Thus, the most crucial and effective means for promoting development goals in rural areas is to identify the households’ livelihoods status, the extent they have access to livelihood assets and the factors affecting that. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of rural livelihood assets on their livelihoods diversity. In line with this, a survey method was used to collect data. The statistical population of interest composed of 6670 rural households living in rural areas of Bavi County. A sample of 260 persons as the head of rural households, based on Kerjcie and Morgan table, was selected using cluster random sampling. A questionnaire was designed to collect data. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed based on the opinion of a panel of faculty members and experts. To ensure its reliability, a pilot study was conducted on a sample outside the scope of the study, and the calculated alpha coefficients showed an acceptable value for the research variables. Data was analyzed using Excel2013 and SPSS20 software. The results showed that the livelihoods diversity in Bavi’s rural areas was low and not desirable. The rural situations based on their livelihood assets’ prosperities were different; the housholds with a diversified income source had a better situation regarding all livelihood assets than those who had not. Also, the results of regression model estimation represented that livelihood assets variables together with other variables of non-agricultural work experience, agricultural work experience and age accounted for 32.4% of variations in dependent variable of livelihood diversity.

Improving the livelihoods of local people has received growing attention during last two decades and is one of the main goals of national government. This research aimed to investigate the effect of migration on the sustainable livelihood of Sistanian immigrant households in the rural area of Golestan province. The research method is a descriptive survey based on a questionnaire. The target population includes 25,000 heads of migrant households from Sistan and Baluchestan province to Golestan province. Using Cochran's formula, 250 persons were selected as the research sample. Samples were selected from 12 counties of Golestan province by multi-stage cluster sampling. Validity of the questionnaire was verified based on expert's view and reliability was confirmed based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the natural and financial capital were less than average (inappropriate). The results of investigating livelihood strategies showed that, the most important livelihood strategies are farming, livestock, horticulture, stockpiling forestry resources and being worker. The results of assessing vulnerability trends showed that items such coherence and solidarity of households, income-earning job opportunities, numbers of livestock and poultry, income level and household purchasing power were more important in reducing vulnerability. While items such as inflation and high pollution of air and water were more important in increasing vulnerability. The results of assessing the immigration impacts showed that the economic, natural, cultural-social and service-welfare impacts of immigration were more than average. These results indicate that immigration has led to changes and improvements in the households' life, and expected positive effects such as improved welfare and access to services and employment have been achieved.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the trend of villagers' livelihood asset changes arising from tourism development on livelihood assets of tourism villages of Rudsar county in the north of Iran.Methods: The current research is conducted in 10 selected sample villages by cluster and random sampling. The research method is qualitative with a fundamental theory process based on inductive reasoning. In a snowball and targeted method, interviews were conducted with villagers to collect data. The conceptual framework of the present study is sustainable livelihood, resting on five rural livelihood assets for identifying the tourism development changes.Results: In several village, changes in the five rural livelihood assets and 11 macro-categories have occurred with different intensities. On the other hand, the changes in the plain and hill villages included all five assets, and coastal villages cover only the natural and physical ones. Also, no changes were observed in mountain villages.Conclusion: The results suggest that livelihood asset changes have occurred in the studied villages. Nonetheless, the changes had different functions in villages, and in some, they led to the formation of new performances.

This study aimed at measuring the livelihoods of rural farmers based on the field method in Shazand County of Markazi province of Iran. It was conducted in a documentary, analytical and field method. The statistical population included households in villages of the County. The sample size was calculated 370 rural households by using Cochran formula and was distributed in a cluster classification method among the villages. Field data was collected through questionnaires. The study results showed that the livelihood assets were not equal in terms of sustainability; financial and natural assets with the averages of 2. 59 and 2. 84 were the most unsustainable and physical asset with an average of 3. 52 was the most sustainable dimensions of the framers' livelihoods in the County. Also, the produced interpolation maps showed that the spatial distribution of sustainable livelihood assets followed the eastern-western pattern, so that the eastern villages had more sustainable livelihoods than the western ones.